Biološko-pomološke osobine perspektivnih genotipova šljive (Prunus domestica L..) stvorenih u Institutu za voćarstvo u Čačku

Abstract

Kod šest perspektivnih genotipova šljive stvorenih u Institutu za voćarstvo u Čačku (hibridi 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 i sorta Nada) ispitivane su najznačajnije fenološke osobine (vreme cvetanja i zrenja), reproduktivne osobine (klijavost polena in vitro, kvantitativni parametri rasta polenovih cevčica in vivo i inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova u varijantama samooprašivanja, slobodnog oprašivanja i stranooprašivanja) i pomološke osobine (morfometrija ploda i koštice, hemijski sastav i organoleptička ocena ploda), parametri bujnosti i rodnosti, kao i otpornost na virus šarke šljive i prouzrokovače ekonomski najznačajnijih gljivičnih bolesti šljive. Istraživanja su obavljena u kolekcionom zasadu šljive od 2009. do 2011. godine u ekološkim uslovima Čačka korišćenjem standardne metodologije. Sorta Čačanska lepotica je poslužila kao standard. Hibridi 38/62/70, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 su imali srednje, hibrid IV/63/81 pozno, a sorta Nada veoma pozno vreme cvetanja. Hibridi 38/62/70 i IV/63/81 su se odlikovali ranim, hibrid 32/21/87 srednjim, a sorta Nada i hibridi 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 kasnim vremenom zrenja. Svi proučavani genotipovi, izuzev sorte Nada, su se odlikovali dobrom klijavošću polena. Broj polenovih cevčica i lokalizacija najdužih polenovih cevčica u pojedinim regionima tučka u tri termina fiksiranja su varirali zavisno od genotipa majke, varijante oprašivanja, uticaja meteoroloških faktora i njihovih međusobnih interakcija. Na osnovu vrednosti finalnog zametanja plodova u varijantama samooprašivanja i stranooprašivanja utvrđeno je da: hibrid 32/21/87 i sorta Nada pripadaju grupi genotipova niskog, hibridi 38/62/70 i IV/63/81 grupi genotipova srednjeg, a hibridi 34/41/87 i 22/17/87 grupi genotipova visokog nivoa samooplodnosti; sorta Čačanska lepotica predstavlja zadovoljavajućeg oprašivača za hibride IV/63/81 i 32/21/87 i dobrog oprašivača za sortu Nada i hibride 38/62/70, 34/41/87 i 22/17/87...

Major phenological characteristics (time of flowering and maturation), reproductive traits (in vitro pollen germination, quantitative parameters of in vivo pollen tube growth and initial and final fruit set under self-, open- and cross-pollination), pomological characteristics (fruit and stone morphometry, chemical composition and organoleptic score of the fruit), vigor and productivity parameters, and resistance to plum pox virus and to causal agents of the most economically important fungal diseases were evaluated in six promising plum genotypes developed at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak (hybrids 38/62/70, IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87, 22/17/87 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ). Research was conducted in a plum collection orchard during 2009-2011 under environmental conditions of Čačak (Serbia) using standard methods. The plum cultivar ʻČačanska Lepotica’ was used as the control for comparison. Flowering time was medium in the hybrids 38/62/70, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 late in hybrid IV/63/81 and very late in cultivar ʻNadaʼ. The hybrids 38/62/70 and IV/63/81 were classified as early maturing, hybrid 32/21/87 matured mid-season, and cultivar ʻNadaʼ, as well as hybrids 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 had late maturing time. All genotypes tested, excepting cultivar ʻNadaʼ, showed good pollen germination. The number of pollen tubes and localization of the longest pollen tubes in certain regions of the pistil at three fixation terms varied with the mother's genotype, pollination treatment, effect of meteorological factors and their interactions. Final fruit set values under self- and cross-pollination showed the following: the rate of self-pollination was low in hybrid 32/21/87 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ, medium in hybrids 38/62/70 and IV/63/81, and high in hybrids 34/41/87 and 22/17/87; cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ was a satisfactory pollenizer of hybrids IV/63/81 and 32/21/87, and a good pollenizer of cultivar ʻNadaʼ, and hybrids 38/62/70, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87. Compared to the control cultivar ʻČačanska Lepoticaʼ, vigor was lower in hybrid IV/63/81 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ. The highest yield was obtained in hybrid 22/17/87. Fruits of hybrids IV/63/81, 32/21/87, 34/41/87 and 22/17/87 were medium to large in size, and those of hybrid 38/62/70 and cultivar ʻNadaʼ were large...