Stepen oplođenja i biološke osobine novih sorti šljive (Prunus domestica L.)

Abstract

Kod tri novije sorte šljive (‘Jojo’, ‘Hanita’ i ‘Katinka’), tolerantne ili otporne na virus Šarke (Plum Pox Virus), ispitivane su najznačajnije biološke osobine i kvantitativni rast polenovih cevčica in vivo i in vitro u uslovima samooprašivanja, slobodnog oprašivanja i stranog oprašivanja pri različitim temperaturama (20°C, 23°C i 26°C). Takođe, u ovim uslovima ispitivani su bujnost stabla, komponente prinosa i fizičko-hemijske karakteristike ploda šljive. Istraživanja su obavljena od 2008. do 2010. godine u zasadu šljive u tzv. gustoj sadnji u agroekološkim uslovima Čačka (zapadna Srbija) korišćenjem standardne metodologije. Sorta ‘Hanita’ je imala najpoznije cvetanje tokom sve tri godine, a najmanje variranje ove osobine je utvrđeno kod sorte ‘Jojo’. Najveća klijavost polena je ustanovljena u sorte ‘Hanita’, srednja u sorte ‘Jojo’, a najmanja u sorte ‘Katinka’. Najmanji broj polenovih cevčica u gornjoj trećini stubića kod svih ispitivanih sorti je utvrđen pri samooprašivanju. U pogledu ove osobine, najbolji oprašivač za sortu ‘Jojo’ bila je sorta ‘Hanita’, za sortu ‘Katinka’ sorta ‘Jojo’, dok je sorta ‘Hanita’ najveći broj polenovih cevčica imala pri slobodnom oprašivanju. Kada je u pitanju zastupljenost polenovih cevčica u pojedinim regionima tučka, sorta ‘Katinka’ se pokazala kao najbolji oprašivač sorti ‘Jojo’ i ‘Hanita’, dok je sorta ‘Hanita’ bila najbolji oprašivač sorte ‘Katinka’. Najveće inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova kod sorti ‘Hanita’ i ‘Katinka’ utvrđeno je prilikom slobodnog oprašivanja, a kod sorte ‘Jojo’ u kombinaciji oprašivanja polenom sorte ‘Katinka’, odnosno pri samooprašivanju. Na konstantnim temperaturama (20°C, 23°C i 26°C), sorta ‘Hanita’ je bila najbolji oprašivač sorte ‘Jojo’, sorta ‘Jojo’ je bila najbolji oprašivač sorte ‘Hanita’, dok su ove dve sorte bile podjednako dobri oprašivači sorte ‘Katinka’. Kod sorti ‘Jojo’ i ‘Hanita’, najbolji rast polenovih cevčica je utvrđen na konstantnoj temperaturi od 23°C, a kod sorte ‘Katinka’ na temperaturi od 26°C. Najveći prinos po stablu i jedinici površine je utvrđen kod sorte ‘Hanita’, a najmanji kod sorte ‘Katinka’, međutim najveći koeficijent rodnosti je utvrđen kod sorte ‘Jojo’ koja je imala najmanju bujnost stabla...

Three recently developed plum cultivars (‘Jojo’, ‘Hanita’ and ‘Katinka’), tolerant or resistant to Plum Pox Virus, were evaluated for major biological traits and pollen tubes growth in vivo and in vitro under self-, open- and cross-pollination at different temperatures. Tree vigour, yield components, physical and chemical attributes of the fruit were also analysed under these conditions. Research was conducted during 2008-2010 in a high density planting system under the environmental conditions of Cacak (Western Serbia) using standard methods. The latest flowering was observed in ‘Hanita’ during the three years, whereas ‘Jojo’ showed lowest variations in flowering date. Fruit maturity date was earliest in ‘Katinka’ and latest in ‘Jojo’. Pollen germination was highest in ‘Hanita’, medium in ‘Jojo’, and lowest in ‘Katinka’. The lowest number of pollen tubes in the upper part of the style in all cultivars was found under self-pollination. As regards this trait, ‘Hanita’ and ‘Jojo’ were the best pollenizers for ‘Jojo’ and ‘Katinka’, respectively, whereas ‘Hanita’ developed the highest number of pollen tubes under open-pollination. As regards the percentage of pollen tubes in different parts of the pistil, ‘Katinka’ proved to make the best pollenizer for ‘Jojo’ and ‘Hanita’, and ‘Hanita’ for ‘Katinka’. The highest initial and final fruit set in cultivars ‘Hanita’ and ‘Katinka’ was observed under open-pollination and in ‘Jojo’ under cross-pollination by pollen of ‘Katinka’ and self-pollination. At constant temperatures (20°C, 23°C and 26°C), ‘Hanita’ and ‘Jojo’ made the best pollenizers for ‘Jojo’ and ‘Hanita’, respectively, and equally good pollenizers for ‘Katinka’. The rate of pollen tubes growth was highest at a constant temperature of 23°C in ‘Jojo’ and ‘Hanita’, and at 26°C in ‘Katinka’. Yield per tree and yield per unit area were highest in ‘Hanita’ and lowest in ‘Katinka’. However, the highest yield efficiency was observed in ‘Jojo’ which exhibited the lowest tree vigour. As regards physical characteristics, in general, ‘Jojo’ showed the best performance when open-pollinated or pollinated by pollen of ‘Hanita’, ‘Hanita’ under pollination by pollen of ‘Katinka’ and ‘Katinka’ under self-pollination or pollination by pollen of ‘Hanita’...