Stanje i perspektive proizvodnje voća u Republici Srbiji

Abstract

Proizvodnja voća čini oko 11% vrednosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Republici Srbiji. Na osnovu podataka Republičkog zavoda za statistiku iz 2017. godine ukupna površina pod zasadima voćaka na teritoriji Republike Srbije iznosila je 183.602 ha. U ukupnoj korišćenoj poljoprivrednoj površini u 2018. godini voćnjaci su učestvovali sa 5,3%. Voćarstvo ostvaruje napredak u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija i udruživanju proizvođača, usled čega kao rezultat beleži povećanje proizvodnje, veći regionalni razvoj i zadržavanje mladih na selu. Voće i prerađevine od voća se u Srbiji u poslednjih nekoliko godina nalaze na prvom mestu u strukturi spoljnotrgovinske razmene poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda. Među prvih 10 izvoznih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda nalaze se smrznuta malina, sveža jabuka i smrznuta višnja. U poslednjih pet godina najveći porast ostvaren je u izvozu jabuke i borovnice. U Srbiji i dalje nije dovoljno iskorišćen potencijal za razvoj voćarstva te u narednom periodu, u merama agrarne politike, proizvodnja i prerada voća treba da zauzmu još značajnije mesto. Razvoj voćarstva se ne ogleda samo u povećanju površina pod voćnjacima, već prvenstveno u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija gajenja po ugledu na razvijene regione u Evropi i svetu. Savremeni koncept gajenja voćaka podrazumeva, kvalitetan sadni materijal, veliku gustinu sadnje, ostvarivanje redovnih i visokih prinosa plodova vrhunskog kvaliteta, odnosno primenu tehnologija prilagođenih klimatskim promenama. Ulaganja u zasnivanje zasada voćaka su velika tako da se očekuje rano stupanje na plodonošenje i brz povraćaj uloženih investicija. S obzirom na visoke troškove zasnivanja zasada, ni najmanji segment proizvodnje se ne prepušta slučaju. I pored toga, savremena proizvodnja voća u velikoj meri zavisi od uslova sredine. Ograničavajući faktori za postizanje visokog prinosa i kvaliteta plodova u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije su sledeći: zimski i prolećni mrazevi, grad, nagla promena temperature u zimskom periodu, visoke letnje temperature, suša, bolesti i štetočine, ožegotine na listovima, mladarima i plodovima, alternativna rodnost i u poslednje vreme pojava olujnih vetrova. Niske temperature tokom i posle perioda zimskog mirovanja su u našim uslovima ključni faktor smanjenja obima voćarske proizvodnje iz godine u godinu. Najsigurnija mera za sprečavanje nastanka šteta od mraza je preventivna – izbor vrste i sorte u zavisnosti od konkretnih agroekoloških uslova kao i izbor lokaliteta pri čemu osetljive vrste voćaka ne treba gajiti u regionima sa učestalom pojavom niskih zimskih temperatura i prolećnih mrazeva. Povećanjem intenzivnosti proizvodnje putem instaliranja sistema za navodnjavanje, protivgradnih mreža, anti-frost sistema i dr. rizici se značajno smanjuju. Međutim, radi se o skupim investicijama koje su rentabilne jedino u agroekološkim uslovima koji odgovaraju odabranoj vrsti, posebno ako je ona visokoprofitabilna za gajenje (jabuka, malina, borovnica, trešnja). U Srbiji postoji veliki broj zasada voćaka koji su podignuti u neodgovarajućim lokalitetima, te neredovno rađaju, daju niske prinose ili lošiji kvalitet plodova. Primer za to su zasadi kajsije, breskve ili trešnje u ravnici ili voćnjaci posađeni na zemljištima sa visokim nivoom podzemnih voda usled čega dolazi do asfiksije korena i sušenja delova ili celih zasada. U periodu od 2000. do 2020. godine dolazilo je do promena u obimu proizvodnje voća najvećim delom usled delovanja nepovoljnih agro-klimatskih činilaca. Najmanja proizvodnja ostvarena je 2002. godine (592.966 t) i 2005. (874.954 t), a najveća 2013. godine kada je ostvaren rekordni obim proizvodnje od 1.639.236 t. Povećanje obima proizvodnje voća potvrđuje i prosečna ukupna proizvodnja u poslednjih pet godina od 1.401.713 t. U 2020. godini obim proizvodnje iznosio je 1.589.753 t što je za 45% više u odnosu na 2005. ili za 63% više u odnosu na 2002. godinu. Najveći rast obima proizvodnje zabeležen je kod jabuke. U poslednjih 20 godina, najmanja proizvodnja jabuke ostvarena je 2002. (95.584 t), a najveća 2013. godine (516.411 t). Prosečna proizvodnja jabuke u periodu 2016-2020. iznosila je 445.705 t. Kod kruške je najmanji obim proizvodnje ostvaren 2002. (33.645 t), a najveći 2013. godine (88.224 t). Od 2013. proizvodnja beleži trend opadanja tako da je i prosek za poslednjih pet godina je iznosio 57.792 t. Kada je u pitanju dunja, najmanja proizvodnja ostvarena je 2002. (7.100 t), a najveća 2013. godine (15.754 t), pri čemu je je prosek za poslednjih pet godina iznosio 11.412 t. Vodeća voćna vrsta u Srbiji je šljiva kod koje je najmanja proizvodnja zabeležena 2002. (197.486 t), a najveća 2013. godine (606.594 t), što je u proseku za poslednjih pet godina 474.740 t. Višnja je u 2002. godini zabeležila najnižu proizvodnju od 48.919 t, a najveću 2020. godine od 165.738 t. U poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je u proseku 115.830 t. Do najvećeg intenziviranja tehnologije, posle jabuke i borovnice, došlo je u proizvodnji trešnje, ali su napravljeni i propusti kod izbora sortimenta. Najmanji obim proizvodnje trešnje ostvaren je 2020. (14.961 t, a najveći 2004. godine (30.823 t). U poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je u proseku 19.854 t trešnje. Kod kajsije je karakteristično variranje obima proizvodnje iz godine u godinu usled šteta od zimskih i prolećnih mrazeva. Najmanji obim proizvodnje zabeležen je 2020. (12.747 t), a najveći 2011. godine (44.077 t). U proseku, u poslednjih pet godina proizvedeno je 32.755 t kajsije. Najmanja proizvodnja plodova breskve i nektarine ostvarena je 2000. (38.700 t), najveća 2011. godine (91.366 t), Prosečna proizvodnja ovog voća je u poslednjih pet godina iznosila 73.180 t, od čega oko jednu trećinu čine nektarine. Kada su u pitanju jezgraste voćne vrste, do povećanja površina i proizvodnje, kao i napretka u uvođenju savremenih tehnologija došlo je kod leske nakon investicija kompanije „Ferero“ i formiranja kompanije „Agriser“ u Srbiji. Od 2013. godine od kako se vodi evidencija o proizvodnji lešnika, površine pod ovom vrstom povećane su sa 2.369 na 4.922 ha, a obim proizvodnje sa 3.366 t na 6.689 t u 2020. godini. Nasuprot tome, proizvodnja oraha beleži pad, sa najvećeg obima u 2009. (27.554 t) do najmanjeg u 2020. godini, koji je iznosio 8.455 t. Među jagodastim vrstama, malina je na prvom mestu među sa prosečnom proizvodnjom u poslednjih pet godina od 117.731 t prema zvaničnim podacima, najmanjom u 2000. od 55.999 t i najvećom u 2018. godini od 127.010 t. Kupina zauzima značajno mesto u izvozu, pri čemu je njena prosečna proizvodnja u poslednjih pet godina iznosila 30.265,6 t. Proizvodnja jagode je oscilirala u poslednjih pet godina, sa najnižim ukupnim prinosom ostvarenim u 2019. godini od 19.608 t, i najvišim od 30.483 t u 2020. godini. Ipak, kod borovnice se zapaža najintenzivniji trend rasta proizvodnih površina u poslednjih pet godina zahvaljujući visokoj rentabilnosti gajenja sa mogućnošću primene savremene tehnologije gajenja u zemljištu i u kontejnerima, pod protivgradnim sistemima i drugim oblicima zaštićenih prostora. Za dalje unapređenje voćarstva u Republici Srbiji potrebno je: podizanje zasada vrsta i sorti u odgovarajućim agroekološkim uslovima, investiranje u tehnologije prilagođene klimatskim promenama (protivgradne mreže, fertigacija, anti–frost i sistemi za orošavanje), primenjivati biostimulatore i biljne regulatore rasta, proizvodnju u zaštićenom prostoru, proizvodnju kvalitetnog zdravstveno i sortno ispravnog sadnog materijala, testiranje i uvođenje u proizvodnju novih sorti i podloga, vršiti nabavku savremene mehanizacije, posebno one namenjene berbi (platforme, tresači, kombajni), udruživanje i uvođenje integralnog i organskog koncepta proizvodnje voća. Merama ekonomske i agrarne politike treba još više stimulisati voćarsku proizvodnju, jer se pokazala kao dobar model rešavanja ekonomskih, socijalnih i demografskih problema.

Fruit production accounts for about 11% of the value of agricultural production in the Republic of Serbia. Based on the data of the Statistical Office from 2017, the total area under orchards on the territory of the Republic of Serbia amounted to 183,602 ha. In the total used agricultural area in 2018, orchards participated with 5.3%. Fruit growing is making progress in the implementation of modern technologies and the association of producers, as a result of which it has recorded an increase in production, greater regional development and keeping young people in the villages. In the last few years, fruits and fruit products have been in the first place in Serbia in the structure of foreign trade of agricultural and food products. Among the top 10 exports agricultural and food products are frozen raspberries, fresh apples and frozen cherries. In the last five years, the largest increase was recorded in the export of apples and blueberries. The potential for the development of fruit growing is still not sufficiently used in Serbia, and in the following period, in the agricultural policy measures, fruit production and processing should take an even more important place. The development of fruit growing is reflected not only in the increase of areas under orchards, but primarily in the introduction of modern cultivation technologies modeled on developed regions in Europe and the world. The modern concept of fruit growing includes quality planting material, high planting density, achieving regular and high yields of top quality fruits, and the use of technologies adapted to climate change. Investments in the establishment of fruit orchards are high, so that early fruiting and a quick return on investment are expected. Given the high costs of establishing orchards, not even the smallest segment of production is left to chance. Nevertheless, modern fruit production largely depends on environmental conditions. Limiting factors for achieving high yields and fruit quality in agroecological conditions of Serbia are as follows: winter and spring frosts, hail, sudden changes in winter temperatures, high summer temperatures, drought, diseases and pests, occurrence of sunburns on leaves, shoots and fruits, alternative bearing and in recent times the stormy winds. Low temperatures during and after the period of winter dormancy are a key factor in reducing of fruit production from year to year. The most reliable measure to prevent frost damage is preventive – the choice of species and cultivars depending on given agro-ecological conditions as well as the choice of growing location which implies that sensitive fruit species should not be grown in regions with frequent occurrence of low winter temperatures and spring frosts. Intensification of production by establishing irrigation systems, anti-hail nets, anti-frost systems, etc. significantly reduces risks. However, these are high investments that are profitable only in agro-ecological conditions suitable for the selected species, especially highly profitable ones (apple, raspberry, blueberry, cherry). In Serbia, there are numerous orchards that have been raised under unsuitable climatic conditions, thus fruiting irregularly with low yields or poor fruit quality. Such are, for example, apricot, peach or cherry plantations grown in the plain or orchards planted on soils with high level of groundwater which leads to root asphyxia and decay of parts or whole plantations. In the period from 2000 to 2020, the fruit production quantity recorded changes, mostly due to the unfavorable agro-climatic factors. The lowest production was recorded in 2002 (592,966 t) and 2005 (874,954 t), and the highest in 2013, when the record production quantity of 1,639,236 t was achieved. The increase tendency in the fruit production is confirmed by the average production quantity in the last five years of 1,401,713 t. In 2020, the production quantity amounted to 1,589,753 t, which is 45% more than in 2005 or 63% more than in 2002. The largest increase in the production quantity was recorded in apples. In the last 20 years, the lowest apple production was in 2002 (95,584 t), and the highest in 2013 (516,411 t). The average apple production in the period 2016-2020 amounted to 445,705 t. The lowest production quantity of pears was in 2002 (33,645 t), and the highest in 2013 (88,224 t). Since 2013, production has been declining, so that the average for the last five years was 57,792 t. When it comes to quince, the lowest production was recorded in 2002 (7,100 t), and the highest in 2013 (15,754 t), while the average for the last five years was 11,412 t. The dominant fruit species in Serbia is the plum, with the lowest production recorded in 2002 (197,486 t), and the highest in 2013 (606,594 t), which is an average of 474,740 t for the last five years. In 2002, cherry recorded the lowest production of 48,919 t, and the highest in 2020 of 165,738 t. In the last five years, an average of 115,830 tons was produced in cherry. Following apples and blueberries, the reatest intensification of technology occurred in the production of sweet cherries, but mistakes were often ade in the selection of cultivars. The lowest sweet cherry production quantity was achieved in 2020 (14,961 t), and the highest in 2004 (30,823 t). In the last five years, an average of 19,854 t of sweet cherries was produced. Apricot production is characterized by variable production quantities due to damages from winter and spring frosts. The lowest production quantity in apricot was recorded in 2020 (12,747 t), and the highest in 2011 (44,077 t). In the past five years, on average 32,755 t of apricots have been produced annually. The lowest production of peaches and nectarines was recorded in 2000 (38,700 t), while the highest in 2011 (91,366 t). The average production of this fruit in the last five years was 73,180 t, of which about one third are nectarines. When it comes to nuts, the increase in growing area and production quantity, as well as progress in the introduction of modern technologies came in hazelnut after the investments of the company "Ferrero" and the foundation of the company "Agriser" in Serbia. Since 2013, since the production of hazelnut has been recorded, the areas under this species have increased from 2,369 to 4,922 ha, and the production quantity from 3,366 t to 6,689 t in 2020. In contrast, walnut production declined, from the highest quantity in 2009 (27,554 t) to the lowest in 2020 (8,455 t). Among berry species, raspberry is on the first place with the average production in the last five years of 117,731 t according to official data, the lowest in 2000 (55,999 t) and the highest in 2018 (127,010 t). Blackberry makes a significant export product; with its average production in the last five years being 30,266 t. Strawberry production was variable in the last five years, with the lowest production quantity recorded in 2019 of 19,608 t, and the highest of 30,483 t in 2020. However, blueberries have the most intensive growth trend in the last five years due to the high profitability of cultivation with the prospects of applying modern cultivation technologies in the soil and in containers, under hail systems and other forms of protected cultivation. For further improvement of fruit growing in the Republic of Serbia the following is necessary: raising plantations of species and cultivars in suitable agro-ecological conditions, investing in technologies adapted to climate change (hail nets, fertigation, anti-frost and sprinkler irrigation systems), apply biostimulants and plant growth regulators, production in protected area, production of high quality, virus-free clonal planting material, testing and introduction of new cultivars and rootstocks, the use of modern mechanization, especially those intended for harvesting (platforms, shakers, combines), association of producers and implementation of integrated and organic methods of fruit production. Agricultural policy measures should further stimulate fruit production, as it has proven to be a good model for solving economic, social and demographic problems.