Viroze jagodastog voća

Abstract

Proizvodnja jagodastog voća predstavlja važnu granu voćarske proizvodnje Srbije. Najveće površine zauzima malina, oko 13500 ha. Srbija je već duži niz godina u svetskom vrhu po proizvodnji maline i svetski rekorder po izvozu zamrznutih plodova (Petrović i Leposavić, 2011). Jagoda se gaji na 8500 ha, kupina na oko 2200 ha, dok se ribizla gaji na svega 50 ha. Poslednjih godina intenzivirano je gajenje američke visokožbunaste borovnice koja se danas gaji na oko 100 ha. Virusne bolesti jagodastog voća su brojne i predmet su obimnih istraživanja nekoliko naučnih institucija u SAD i Evropi. Ne postoje hemijske mere za direktnu kontrolu biljnih virusa, tako da se jednom zaražene biljke ne mogu lečiti. Pravovremena identifikacija virusa je neophodna da bi se sprečilo unošenje karantinskih virusa u zemlju ili planirale mere koje bi iskorenile ili usporile širenje bolesti. Osnovne preventivne mere borbe protiv virusnih bolesti su korišćenje bezvirusnog sadnog materijala, izbor otpornih i tolerantnih sorti i prostorna izolacija zasada. U mere direktne borbe spadaju hemijske mere zaštite u cilju suzbijanja vektora (lisne vaši, leptiraste vaši, nematode), kao i uništavanje zaraženih biljaka koje predstavljaju izvor zaraze. Poslednjih godina sprovode se značajna istraživanja u oblasti genetskog inženjeringa u cilju stvaranja transgenih biljaka otpornih na ekonomski najznačajnije viruse jagodastog voća. Detekcija virusa jagodastog voća se sprovodi biološkim (ispitivanja na indikator biljkama), serološkim (ELISA test) i molekularnim testovima (RT-PCR i PCR). Ispitivanja na indikator biljkama (klonovi F. vesca i F. virginiana za viruse jagode) su nezamenljiva u dijagnostici i otkrivanju novih bolesti. ELISA test je brza i rutinska metoda koja je danas u širokoj upotrebi za sve viruse za koje su proizvedeni anti-serumi. Molekularne metode, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) i RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction), se intenzivno razvijaju poslednjih dvadeset godina i primenjuju za detekciju većine virusa jagodastog voća.

Production of small fruits is an important branch of fruit production in Serbia. The largest area is under raspberries, about 13 500 ha. Serbia is for many years in the world top in raspberry production and world record holder for the export of frozen fruits (Petrović and Leposavić, 2011). Strawberries are grown on 8500 ha, blackberry at about 2200 ha, while the currant is grown on only 50 ha. In recent years, the growing of American highbush blueberry is intensifying, which are now grown on about 100 ha. Small fruit virus diseases are numerous and are the subject of extensive research of several scientific institutions in the USA and Europe. There are no chemical measures for direct control of plant viruses, so once the plant is infected cannot be healed. Timely identification of the virus is necessary to prevent the entry of the quarantine viruses to the country or to plan measures to eradicate or slow the spread of the disease. Basic preventive measures against virus diseases are the use of virus-free planting material, selection of resistant and tolerant varieties and spatial isolation of the plantations. The direct measures include chemical protection measures for the suppression of vectors (aphids, whitefly, nematodes), and the destruction of infected plants that are a source of infection. In recent years, significant research is being carried out in the field of genetic engineering to develop transgenic plants resistant to the most important small fruit viruses. Detection of small fruit viruses is carried out by biological (tests on indicator plants), serological (ELISA) and molecular tests (PCR and RT-PCR). The tests on indicator plants (clones of Fragaria vesca and F. virginiana for strawberry viruses) are indispensable in the diagnosis and detection of new diseases. ELISA test is a rapid and routine method which is now widely used for all viruses for which antisera is produced. Molecular methods, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and RT-PCR (Reverse Tran-scription and Polymerase Chain Reaction) are extensively developed in recent twenty years, and used for the detection of most small fruit virus diseases.